Tuesday, December 24, 2019

Social Criticism in Arthur Millers The Crucible - 1003 Words

Social Criticism in Arthur Millers The Crucible The Crucible, a play written by Arthur Miller, is a chronological narrative including a large cast of characters with a constantly moving setting.* The Crucible is a dramatization of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692 and an allegory of the McCarthyism period. Throughout the play, Miller explores the destruction of freedom by the ignorant and tyrannical society in which his characters live.* By exhibiting how easily a member of the community can become an outcast, Arthur Miller displays social criticism in the Puritan society as well as in todays society in The Crucible. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, communism was a major threat to the United States. Joseph McCarthy, a senator at the time, attempted to capitalize on this by accusing over two hundred men and women of sneaking communism into the United States government or for supporting the cause.* Among these two hundred men and women were several authors, including Arthur Miller. In expl aining his reasoning for writing The Crucible, Miller said, . . . my basic need was to respond to a phenomenon which, with only small exaggeration, one could say was paralyzing a whole generation and in an amazingly short time was drying up the habits of trust and toleration in public discourse.* After visiting Salem and researching the events of the Salem Witch Trials, Miller realized how the havoc of these events corresponded to the events in the 1940s and 1950s.* The plot of TheShow MoreRelatedThe Human Lust For Power By Arthur Miller1689 Words   |  7 Pagesuniversally evident across both the historical and literary worlds. Historians and philosophers alike constantly analyze its corrupting influence and recursive nature. Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, however, highlights a different facet of power: the means by which individuals strive to obtain it. In particular, he focuses on social power and the use of accusatory labels, such as â€Å"witch,† to obtain this po wer. The story is also a clear extended analogy for American McCarthyism, comparing the absurdityRead More Degradation of America in All My Sons, Death of a Salesman, and The Crucible.2446 Words   |  10 PagesThe Degradation of America in All My Sons, Death of a Salesman, and The Crucible  Ã‚     Ã‚   Arthur Miller was, as a playwright, very critical of American society.   He condemned every aspect and satirized every ideal of modern American culture, from democracy to the American dream.   He degraded every part of Western civilization down to a much more basic and much more negative idea – capitalism became greed, and rule by the people became rule by the mob.   Many people of his era saw him as anti-AmericanRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s Life1268 Words   |  6 Pagesslim few have succeeded. Arthur Miller was an inventive, determined playwright who made a lasting impression on theatre in the 20th century. He was a head-strong, willful individual who conquered obstacles when they presented themselves. Through a brief examination of Arthur Miller’s personal life, career as a playwright, and influence on theatre, it is clear to see that he was a very innovative and impactful individual whose effects can still be seen today. Arthur Miller’s life began on OctoberRead MoreThe Crucible Is Still Relevant Today1971 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"The Crucible,† a play by Arthur Miller later turned into a major Hollywood movie, explores the politics of fear, social norms, and the fight to recapture a man’s moral compass. Miller paints his story using the small tight knit community of Salem circa 1692 as his canvass, brilliantly weaving historical fact and fiction to portray a scenario not unlike events seen since. The infamous witch hunts of 1692 and wild accusations of a subversive culture that threatened to tear away at the fabric ofRead MoreThe Themes Of Mccarthyism In The Crucible By Arthur Miller1685 Words   |  7 Pagesoneself. In The Crucible, Arthur Miller emphasizes mass hysteria caused by people accusing innocent people to save oneself from death. Even though the Salem witch trials and the McCarthyism era took place in different time periods, they both show the reoccurring theme of chaos caused by lying and accusing others to save oneself. The Crucible, which illustrates the time during the Salem witch trials parallels McCarthyism because of the similar theme during both time periods, Miller’s personal experienceRead More Willy Loman, Redefining the Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1065 Words   |  5 PagesWilly Loman, Redefining the Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman      Ã‚  Ã‚   The events in the life of Willy Loman in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman are no doubt tragic, yet whether or not he can be considered a tragic hero in a traditional sense is a topic requiring some discussion. Aristotle set the criteria for qualities a character must possess in order to be considered a tragic hero. In order to reach a conclusion on this matter, all six criteria must be examined to determineRead MoreThe Crucible Narrative2336 Words   |  10 Pages| | |â€Å"The Crucible† | | | | |4/3/2012 Read More Arthur Millers The Crucible Essay2614 Words   |  11 PagesArthur Millers The Crucible Arthur Miller demonstrates the familiarities of the life he lived in the 1950s and of everyday life we live in through his plays. He communicates through his work to the way people are in society. The extreme witch hysteria deteriorated the rational and emotional stability of its citizens. This exploited the populations weakest qualities, and insecurities. The obvious breakdown in social order led to the tragedy that saw innocent souls hang on the accusationRead MoreA Delusion of Satan: Great Insight Into the Past Essay1301 Words   |  6 Pageswriter, we are due to receive a good read in A Delusion of Satan. Set in the Colonial American village of Salem in Massachusetts around the year of 1692, A Delusion of Satan opens by describing, in depth, the puritan lifestyle. Ranging from the social aspects, to the religious aspects, to the political aspects of puritan living, Frances Hill leaves no stone unturned in giving the most accurate and relatable descriptions of the topics at hand before diving into the trials themselves. I particularlyRead MoreMob Mentality2032 Words   |  9 Pagesas they normally would. Those horrible leads that people choose to follow will eventually cause groups to become out of control. Violence usually ensues when within a large group. In their respective works, both Arthur Miller and Ray Bradbury write pieces that reflect upon social criticism and how it can corrupt any society to their breaking point. The opportunity for people to relieve their stress is not something that’s very common. So when it does come around, they will take any chance for relaxation

Monday, December 16, 2019

The Foolproof Interesting Essay Topics for Grade 8 Strategy

The Foolproof Interesting Essay Topics for Grade 8 Strategy Getting the Best Interesting Essay Topics for Grade 8 If you don't believe you have sufficient ideas about how to proceed with the essay, it's sensible to drop the topic straight out. There are 20 topics below that could be beneficial for you. Alternately, you can also throw a glance at a number of the essay books offered in the industry. Interesting Essay Topics for Grade 8 - Overview How you compose an essay 17. Therefore, here are a few basic tips to aid you in writing of good descriptive essay. Like every assignment, a descriptive essay has a certain intent. Writing an excellent essay might be a bit of cake if you are feeling inspired. Key Pieces of Interesting Essay Topics for Grade 8 Thus, to write a great essay you must brainstorm all thoughts concerning your life experiences. So, it's a remarkable foundation for assorted epic stories! Writing is among the most effective modes of self-expression, and addit ionally it is a remarkably effective approach to help your students sort out all their ideas and feelings. A person that has disappointed you 51. The War Against Interesting Essay Topics for Grade 8 As tempting as it might appear to skip past the extra info and go straight to the list of persuasive essay topics, don't do it. Concentrate on the toughest areas of the interview and why you wanted so badly to find the job. The 1st one is going to be the choice of a topic. If you are fortunate enough to land the suitable site, you will surely find several topics that are worth note. Moving forward take into consideration the obvious similarities and differences. As soon as it is great in the event the topic gestates out of your own head, it's always alright to have a peek at a number of the sample suggestions and topics. Following are various kinds of essay topics for students that are categorized in many sections so you can easily chose the topic according to your need and requirement. Therefore, the topic ought to be debatable! What to Do About Interesting Essay Topics for Grade 8 You are going to be pleasantly surprised by reasonable prices per page we offer our clients to cover. Use transition words to produce your text coherent and simple to read. You can be totally sure your paper is going to be delivered in time and be of the maximum quality. Once you have sorted out things, hit books looking for relevant details. Whether or not you're in high school or in college, you'll surely find at least one which is perfect for you. It is possible to write a very simple essay on the proper age to vote or suitable age to be in a position to purchase alcohol. In certain situations, it's quite challenging to be descriptive and creative at the very same moment. Attempt to consider what age is very good for students to date with one another. The Downside Risk of Interesting Essay Topics for Grade 8 Getting creative and descriptive can at times be a challenge. Writing about nuclear weapons is always a superb idea. Students in high school and college are anticipated to demonstrate a high amount of creativity and to go deeper in the topic which they have chosen. School tests aren't effective. The Downside Risk of Interesting Essay Topics for Grade 8 You might believe that interesting essay titles do all of the work, enabling you to add obvious examples and share ordinary ideas. Because of the strain and eating disorders, many individuals worldwide have sleep issues, and can't get to bed without surfing the web, watching a movie or si mply thinking thoughts. Perhaps the most significant thing that you need to not forget is that you're expected to compose an essay instead of simply to describe something. At any time you catch yourself feeling captivated by an individu essay or article, take a close look at it. An achievement that you're very proud of 28. Our crew of professional writers with the required experience and writing skills is always prepared to fulfill your demands and exceed your expectations. Education and awareness are indispensable keys to a wholesome future for our world. School should happen in the evenings. Children should be asked to read more. Kids should have the ability to vote. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. The thesis needs to be clear and concise. A student ought to keep in contact with the hottest trends and know which persuasive essay topics are related to sound convincing in regards to defending personal opinions. You may continue to keep your argumenta tive essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Inside my experience, descriptive essays are only difficult in regards to deciding just what things to write about. The crucial reason many writers fail is they don't go further. Luckily, you have our top-class group of writers who can assist students and teach them how to opt for the most suitable essay direction. The close of the work should incorporate the writer's standpoint and the key points' brief summary. It's essential not just to supply the evidence to strengthen your position but also to refute that of your opponents. Choosing Good Interesting Essay Topics for Grade 8 Obviously, you won't always have an actual situation to discuss for each topic sometimes you've got to borrow ideas from different people or merely apply your imagination. An excessive amount of money isn't a good thing. Some students utilize the very first idea which arrives in their head and work on it, but the outcome isn't successful. Nonetheless, the start is usually the most difficult part. The Secret to Interesting Essay Topics for Grade 8 Have a peek at the example below. Though, there are particular pat terns that you are going to follow when you compose a descriptive essay. Some people may believe that the great content could be written on any topic and the paper success is dependent just on the mastery of the writer. You have to come across good evidence to strengthen your ideas along with examples to illustrate the evidence.

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Comparison of Two Films Essay Example For Students

Comparison of Two Films Essay In that paper, I will try to compare two films which are A Birth of a Nation directed by D.W.Griffith and The Bicycle Thieves directed by De Sica. After giving the story of the films, I will try to explaintheir technical features and their similarities. A Birth of a Nation by D. W. GriffithGriffith can be seen as the first modern director, his greatest achievements being the historical epics The Birth Of A Nation.When it was released, it was one of the longest films ever made, over three hours in length. The prologue depicts the introduction of slavery to America in the seventeenth century and the beginnings of the abolitionist movement. The major part of the film depicts the events before, during and after the Civil War. It focuses on the exploitation of the newly-freed Negroes and the rise of the Ku Klux Klan in the south. Griffith shows itas a drama, a romance, and a documentary, with the vivid period reconstruction outweighing the personal stories. The title of the film is an int eresting one. It is unknown whether the title refers to the birth of the reunited states, or the birth of the Ku Klux Klan. I tend to think that the film has a double meaning. In showing the Ku Klux Klan as good guys, it is obvious that Griffith was trying to show their birth as a positive event for the United States. Also, he was showing that the U.S. was once again reunited after the war, leading to the strengthening of the nation. It forebodes the future, when the South and the blacks living there are kept in check by the Ku Klux Klan , making the U.S. that much greater. Though it would be better to ignore this notion of the birth of the Ku Klux Klan, it cannot be due to the films content, although the film does show a truly united states. The film is an incredible piece of propaganda for both the Ku Klux Klan and the Jim Crow system. The Jim Crow system was undergirded by the following beliefs or rationalizations: Whites were superior to Blacks in all important ways, including but not limited to intelligence, morality, and civilized behavior; sexual relations between Blacks and Whites would produce a mongrel race which would destroy America; treating Blacks as equals would encourage interracial sexual unions; any activity which suggested social equality encouraged interracial sexual relations; if necessary, violence must be used to keep Blacks at the bottom of the racial hierarchy People who knew nothing about the KU KLUX KLAN or thought of them as white villains before Birth of a Nation probably changed their minds and donned hoods of their own upon seeing the film. The mainstream picture was probably the best advertisement that the KU KLUX KLAN could have had. The vilifying of blacks also led to the Jim Crow system. When it was portrayed in this movie as acceptable, people in the South felt much better about doing horrible deeds to black citizens, denying blacks their civil rightsThough the portrayal of both blacks and the KU KLUX KLAN were extremely off track, the movie itself was an amazing work of cinema for its time. This was probably the first movie to use hundreds of extra in a battle scene. These scenes were well crafted by the filmmaker, and while not to the perfection of more modern films such as Braveheart, the technology and genius that the filmmaker used rival such films. To think that the movie was released only fifty years after the end of the Civil War makes the feat seem even more incredible. In seeing the huge battles, I did not need sound to hear the sounds of battle in my imagination. It would have been incredible if the movie had been made in the era where sound came into movies. Griffith deployed all the technical experiments of his previous movies for maximum visceral eff ect, along with a prepared score mixing classical music and folk tunes. With expressive close-ups, including cross-cutting, multiple camera positions, inter-titles long shots, irises and superimposition, Griffith communicated not only the monumental scale of Civil War battles but also the intimate psychology of his central characters. The climactic ride of the Klan to save white girlhood from black defilement marked Griffiths most extraordinary and influential use of parallel editing to galvanize emotional excitement. .u1cbbf3b3d65a2ba98dc6c5a11670a9b2 , .u1cbbf3b3d65a2ba98dc6c5a11670a9b2 .postImageUrl , .u1cbbf3b3d65a2ba98dc6c5a11670a9b2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1cbbf3b3d65a2ba98dc6c5a11670a9b2 , .u1cbbf3b3d65a2ba98dc6c5a11670a9b2:hover , .u1cbbf3b3d65a2ba98dc6c5a11670a9b2:visited , .u1cbbf3b3d65a2ba98dc6c5a11670a9b2:active { border:0!important; } .u1cbbf3b3d65a2ba98dc6c5a11670a9b2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1cbbf3b3d65a2ba98dc6c5a11670a9b2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1cbbf3b3d65a2ba98dc6c5a11670a9b2:active , .u1cbbf3b3d65a2ba98dc6c5a11670a9b2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1cbbf3b3d65a2ba98dc6c5a11670a9b2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1cbbf3b3d65a2ba98dc6c5a11670a9b2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1cbbf3b3d65a2ba98dc6c5a11670a9b2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1cbbf3b3d65a2ba98dc6c5a11670a9b2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1cbbf3b3d65a2ba98dc6c5a11670a9b2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1cbbf3b3d65a2ba98dc6c5a11670a9b2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1cbbf3b3d65a2ba98dc6c5a11670a9b2 .u1cbbf3b3d65a2ba98dc6c5a11670a9b2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1cbbf3b3d65a2ba98dc6c5a11670a9b2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Beowulf's Origins EssayThis is a one of the most important Neorealist films. Neorealism is a movement especially in Italian filmmaking characterized by the simple direct depiction of lower-class life. De Sicas finest achievement is bringing the previously ignored working classes to the screen. His primary aim in the Bicycle Thieves was to use the camera to show how people lived. The non-professional actors give fine performances and lend the film a documentary-like air, even though the narrative itself is fictional. A crowd forms in front of a government employment agency, as it does every day, waiting often in vain for job announcements. one of the unemployed laborers who participates in this daily ritual, is selected to hang posters in the city, a job requiring a bicycle, which he has long sold in order to sustain his familys meager existence for a few more days. He and his wife, return to the pawn shop with a few remaining possessions, their matrimonial linen, in order to redeem the bicycle. During his first day at his new work, his bicycle is stolen. He combs the city with his young son, in search of the elusive bicycle. The movie focuses on both the relationship between the father and the son and the larger framework of poverty and unemployment in postwar Italy. The Bicycle Thief is a searing allegory of the human condition, a caustic narrative of despair and hope, loss and redemption, poignantly told in subtle actions and spare words. A singular camera shot follows an employee climbing several stories of pawned linen in order to store another acquisition. A panning film sequence in a restaurant juxtaposes the father and son feasting on bread and mozzarella with an affluent family dining nearby. A long, travelling shot of a street bazaar shows Antonio and Bruno searching through an endless sea of nondescript bicycles, all presumably stolen. The Bicycle Thief is an honest examination of a soul torn by responsibility and moral consequence, a simple man incapable of articulating his pain, a film devoid of the proselytizing tirades endemic to the rose-colored lenses of contemporary Hollywood. The Bicycle Thief is the story of humanity, in all its imperfect beauty and heartbreaking cruelty, the quintessential definition of an artistic masterpiece truly a cinematic landmark. Deep-focus photography, constantly moving camera, long takes, and tragi-comic narratives were all used to greatest effect in the film. When we look at these films we can say they are dramatic films. A Birth of a Nation is a personal story, about the clash of two families on opposite sides of the Civil War. Griffith goes through the critical events of the period, and give a persuasive picture of the era in. Furthermore, the story gives the viewer hope in humanity as the Ku Klux Klan rides away to the sunset with justice, power, and the women. The Bicycle Thief is the story of humanity dealt compassionately with the problems of people in post-World War II Italy. Griffith also goesthrough the critical events of the period. He tried to show the portrait of the post-war Italian disadvantaged class (the majority) in their search for self-respect. It is a time of struggle for the Italian people, amplified by a shortage of employment and lack of social services. Bibliography:

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Negative Music and the Effects on Human Behavior free essay sample

Schoenberg music caused listeners to feel uncomfortable and irritated. However, he became the pivotal composer of the early twentieth century and today he is considered one Of the greatest composers of that century. The music ushered in an era of negative music in Western classical music that lasted for over fifty years. His theory was eventually accepted by composers throughout the Western world and was taught in the finest music schools. The result of all this was the incorporation of negative music into TV programs and movies.Negative music is used to rate emotions of suspense, terror, anxiety, and fear. It is the music that accompanies crime programs and horror films. The same kind of music that concert audiences rejected because of the feelings that the music invoked became standard TV fare, and for the very same reasons (5). I never thought about the idea that scary and suspenseful music was a break from the norm. We will write a custom essay sample on Negative Music and the Effects on Human Behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is obvious though that it changes behavior in people. Just watch a horror flick with a friend. You will both know when something horrible is going to happen.The learned behavior from the music stimulus ranges from sliding jack in your seat, to covering and closing your eyes. The music tells you something bad is coming and you know how to respond to it. Western classical music was the first style of music to incorporate negativity. The next step in the evolution of negative music was its introduction into rock music in the late sass. The first hard rock and heavy metal music was produced by the rock group called Blue Cheer somewhere around 1967. Their music was angry and had a noticeably heavy beat..At this time, the music of the Rolling Stones, too, became harder and angry, with a negative accent. Many other groups sprang up during this period. In truth, hard drugs, mixed with psychedelics were having an effect. The world was witnessing a new phenomenon: musical groups of young men opening doors to the psychic world through the use of drugs were using electrified instruments to bring in a new music that was harmful to the human psyche, destructive, and angry (2). The turning point for the new music came when the group Led Zeppelin was formed.As the book Hammer Of the Gods points out, the members Of this group were constantly high on every kind of drug imaginable. When they oared, they vandalized hotel rooms, throwing TV sets and furniture into the streets. Very young girls were tied up and customized, group members taking turns, and a photographer from Life magazine, assigned to photograph Led Zeppelin as they toured, was nearly raped by band members in a hotel room. Yet Led Zeppelin became the most popular group of its time. In fact, a whole generation was raised on its music.Throughout the 1 sass, the music of Led Zeppelin was the anthem of American high school kids. For many people raised during this period, demeaning the music of Led Zeppelin is a desecration oaf most sacred cow (3). The last three decades of the twentieth century saw negative rock music spread and popularized throughout the entire world. Heavy metal music became an accepted culture and is now almost an ancient music when it is compared with the newer forms of negative music that have since emerged.It is unfortunate and sad to say, but the children of the sass have been spoon-fed on the most negative and insolent music imaginable. Please consider what is taking place, and who is being affected. If you listen to the radio carefully and use your powers of discernment to gain a sense of the degree of negativity in the music that you ear On the radio and TV today, you will find a great deal of the music that is lacking in positive influence. Pop music has gone down hill so much since its heyday in 1954 that the difference is shocking. In 1954, the songs of the top forty were positive, reinforcing, and romantic. There are some great singers today, but there is also a lot of really inferior, mediocre singers and music that expresses little in the lyrics, and nothing emotionally except perhaps for anger and hatred. And so many people have gotten used to mediocrity and ugliness in music that it isnt even noticed anymore (2). Hard rock, heavy metal, trash metal, hardcore, death metal, gangs rap, and the like have repeatedly been proven in experiments to have a detrimental effect.David Hearer, a 16 year old at Nanosecond River High School, conducted an experiment that sharpened his theory that hard rock taints the brain. Using 72 male lab mice, he separated the mice into 3 groups of 24: a control, classical, and a hard rock group. After weeks of putting them through the same maze at an original average time of 10 minutes, the control group shaved 5 minutes from the beginning time, the classical group knocked 8 minutes off, but the hard rock averaged 30-minute completion time, a considerable difference. The fact that 72 mice were tested makes his results more valid because of the larger sample size.Most noticeably, the hard rock mice did not sniff the air to find the trails of others that came before them. Herself first experiment failed because the mice were not put in separate containers, and the hard rock mice killed each other (4). Lyrically violent and musically negative songs increase aggression related thoughts and emotions. In a series of five experiments involving over 500 college students, searchers from Iowa State University and the Texas Department Of Human Services examined the effects of seven violent songs by seven artists and eight nonviolent songs by seven artists.The students listened to the songs and were given various psychological tasks to measure aggressive thoughts and feelings. One such task involved participants classifying words that can have both aggressive and nonaggression meanings, such as rock and stick. The study also included songs with humorous lyrics to see how humor interacted with violent song lyrics and aggressive thoughts (1). Results of the vive experiments show that violent songs led to more aggressive interpretations of ambiguously aggressive words, increased the relative speed with which people read aggressive vs.. Nonaggression words, and increased the proportion of word fragments (such as h_t) that were filled in to make aggressive words (such as hit). The violent songs increased feelings of hostility without provocation or threat, according to the authors, and this effect was not the result of differences in musical style, specific performing artist or arousal properties of the songs. Even the humorous violent songs increased aggressive thoughts (1). The violent-song increases in aggressive thoughts and feelings have implications for real world violence, according to lead researcher Craig A. Anderson, Ph. D. Of Iowa State University. Aggressive thoughts can influence perceptions of ongoing social interactions, coloring them with an aggressive tint. Such aggression-biased interpretations can, in turn, instigate a more aggressive response -verbal or physical than would have been emitted in a nonbiased state, thus provoking an aggressive escalators spiral of antisocial exchanges, said Dry. Anderson (1 The study investigated precursors to aggression rather than aggressive behavior itself.